- Refers to the interdependence between geographic areas
- Movement of people between places
- Flow of goods from one region to another
- Diffusion of ideas from a center of knowledge
- The amount of spatial interaction is a function of the size of the interdependent populations and the distance between them
- A Post-Industrial World collapses distance between places
- Thus the amount of spatial interaction depends not on distance but on relationships between areas and populations
- The decline of an activity with (perceived) increasing distance from the point of origin.
- The perceived distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means cause a reduction in our interaction.
- A measure of the amount of distance decay on spatial interaction
- A measure of the cost or effort, in time, to complete a distance activity
- Distance as perceived by the individual or group
- Mental maps
- Distance
- Actual or perceived
- Fiscal Cost
- How much does it cost to bridge the distance
- Internet connections, airline tickets, fuel prices, etc…
- Physical Environment
- Cost in time, perception, and effort
- Culture
- Language, Government interference, beliefs, etc…
- Psychological
- Maintenance of privacy, prejudices, familiarity, etc…
- Technological
- Incompatible systems, absence of proper technology or education
- More people with more interaction increases the rate of innovation
- Cities as foci of innovation
- Communication technology as an enabler of innovation
- Cultural and Governmental openness to interaction and communication
- When innovation spreads in relation to social context as opposed to spatial context
- Innovations which are less accessible to certain genders, races, social classes, or ages.
- Unable to afford it or have the education to access or understand it
- Territoriality
- The attachment to and defence of home ground
- Nation States, gang territory, psychological space, etc…
- Activity Space
- The areas through which people move while conducting their regular activities
- Generally a shared space
- Defined by “trips”
- Life stage
- Determined by membership within an age group
- Preschool, School age, Young Adult, Adult, Elderly
- Mobility
- The actual ability to travel
- Access to technology
- Cost
- Opportunities
- Perceived and actual
- The process by which a concept, practice, or substance spreads from its point of origin to new areas
- Concept
- Idea or invention – memes
- Practice
- A process or action
- Substance
- A tangible object or thing
- Items being diffused leave their original area and move to new areas
- People moving from one area to another, taking their culture with them
- Items being diffused spread geographically by spreading from one person/area to another person/area while remaining with the original person.
- Disease is an example of this as are most concepts and ideas
- People and places closest to the origin will be affected first while the farther away you area the longer it takes for the item to reach you.
- Disease
- Spread of items follows a hierarchical pattern of distribution
- From large urban centers, to smaller cities, to towns
- Up or down a ruling hierarchy
- Transportation Innovations – movement of people
- Automobiles and freeways
- Air travel
- Communication Innovations – movement of information
- Reliable mail
- Telecommunications – internet and satellites
- Relocation of place of residence and activity space
- Intercontinental and Interregional
- Abstract and mostly useless concepts as explained by the book
- Can generally be seen as people moving from a home area to a completely different nation and continent
- European migration to the
- Intraregional
- Migration within a region – generally within a nation or state
- Relocation for jobs within a country
- Forced or Involuntary migration
- People are forced to move without their consent
- Reluctant migration
- When people have a choice but not a desire to move
- Voluntary migration
- When people make a positive choice to move
- Push Factors
- Negative conditions at origin
- Pull Factors
- Positive attractions of destination
- Economic Factors
- Single most important incentive
- Political Factors
- War, government oppression
- Cultural Factors
- Generally only affect direction of migration/determine end point
- Amenities
- Similar to cultural variables, importance increases with immigrant’s wealth and status
- The value that an individual puts on a given residential site
- Social, economic, and environmental perceptions
- Step Migration
- An eventual long-distance migration taken in smaller increments
- Chain Migration
- Sustained migration as subsequent migrants follow earlier migrants
- Rural to Urban Migration
- Urbanization
- Physical barriers
- Natural barriers
- Manmade barriers
- Economic barriers
- Cost to travel
- Cost to establish new residence
- Cost to maintain contact with old residence
- Cultural barriers
- Similarities and differences between home and new culture
- Political barriers
- Government restrictions on out and in migration and travel
- Migration Field
- An area that dominates a locals in- and out- migration patterns.
- Tend to be large nations/states and large urban areas
- Channelized Migration
- The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, economic trade considerations, or by some other affinity (Chain Migration)
- Return or Counter-migration
- The return of migrants to their points of origin or elsewhere
- Hierarchical Migration
- The tendency for migrants to move from a smaller to a larger site
- Urbanization
- Effects of Post-Industrial Societies on direction
Here is a summary of the laws in simple language.
- Most migrants only go a short distance
- Longer distance migration favors big-city destinations.
- Large cities are migrant magnets.
- Most migration proceeds step by step.
- Most migration is rural to urban.
- Each migration flow produces a counterflow.
- Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves.
- Most international migrants are young males.
- Nations with long and/or open borders are attractive to migrants
- The increasing interconnection of all parts of the world
- Integration and interdependence
- Economic, political, and cultural
- Technological innovations in communication
- Process by which the experience of everyday life ... is becoming standardized around the world."
- International Banking
- Interconnection and interdependence of international financial systems
- International Monetary Fund
- Asian Development Bank
- European Monetary Institute
- World Bank
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
- Inter-American Development Bank
- Transnational Corporations
- A headquarters in one nation and other facilities in other nations
- As many as 65,000 or more currently in existence
- Exploit variations in wage rates and resource costs to lower production costs and maximize profits
- Global Marketing
- The process of marketing goods throughout the world
- Cars, fast food restaurants, computers, books, movies
- Dependent upon the upwardly mobile and wealthy to continue the cycle
- Supranationalism
- Three or more countries joining together and giving up some of their national sovereignty to a larger institution.
- NAFTA
- European Union
- World Trade Organization
- Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
- An organization that is not directly a part of a government
- Greenpeace
- Amnesty International
- Doctors Without Borders
- News media and the Internet
- Brings events across the world into closer contact
- Allow grass-roots organizations to address issues
- The spread, mixing, and combining of national culture into a world culture due to increased economic and political integration.
- Spread by the internet and mass media as well as Transnational Corps
- American culture as the dominant culture
- English as the dominant Lingua Franca
- Pokémon, Sudoku, “Whatever” Idol, You Tube, MySpace, etc…
- Defined by networks, not walls
- Cold war defined by throw-weight of intercontinental ballistic missiles
- Globalization defined by speed
- Communication
- Commerce
- Travel
- Innovation
- Cold War = Sumo Wrestling
- Globalization = Knife fight/Ninjas
Tension between unfettered and guided globalization
- Increased innovation
- Rise of the individual over the nation state
- Increased standards of living, literacy, and health to developing nations
- Decreased maternal and child mortality rates
- Increased vaccination and health care
- Access to clean water and sufficient food
- Access to modern technology (cell phones, electricity)
- Decrease of child labor
- Reduction of barriers to international trade and commerce
- More goods available at lower cost to all consumers
- Empowerment of
- Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions/rights
- Increase in Democracy and suffrage for peoples (@63% of nations)
- Increased ecological damage and danger
- Global Warming
- Overpopulation
- Increased innovation
- Rise of the individual over the nation state (terrorism)
- Cultural Imperialism
- Destruction of local culture by the super-culture
- Destruction of national identity
- Exploitation of
- Sub-par wages
- Dangerous and unhealthy working conditions and hours
- Lax environmental laws and enforcement
- Job loss due to job relocation
- Increased corporate power in the national sphere
- A world-system is any historical social system of interdependent parts that form a bounded structure and operate according to distinct rules, or "a unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems" (1974a: 390).
- mini-systems,
- world empires, and
- world-economies.
- The modern world-system is a world-economy: it is "larger than any juridically defined political unit" and "the basic linkage between its parts is economic"
- Origin in the European world-economy created in the late-fifteenth and early-sixteenth century (1974b: 15), but only consolidated in its current form by the mid-seventeenth century (1974a: 401).
- The crisis of feudalism created strong motivation to seek new markets and resources;
- Technology gave Europeans a solid base for exploration (1974b: 39).
- North Western Europeans exploited initially small differences, via specialization in activities central to world commerce, to ultimately large advantage.
- Core Areas
- First World Nations (Western Europe,
- Maintain position through economic and military power
- Serve the interests of the economically powerful
- Maintain economic stability
- Maintain dependence of periphery areas
- Semi-Periphery States
- Help to maintain Core power
- Deflect ire of periphery nations from Core nations
- Provide different services and markets than periphery areas
- Core power is maintained through a shared ideology and national myth
- Currently it is the ideology of capitalism and liberalism which is the global geo-culture
- Labor and production are spread across the three zones differentially
- Cyclical crises follow periods of innovation and expansion with periods of recession and stagnation.
- Shifts in the power of the Hegemonic states
- Periods of clear leadership alternate with struggle (as now)
- Resistance movements and ideology offer alternatives and variations
- Socialism and anti-globalization movements
- US Hegemony in decline since about 1970
- In a period of crisis and change
- Both capitalism and liberalism are exhausted as forms of international myth
- Struggles against the ideas of global capitalism and liberalism
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