- Boundaries: Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean,
- Western extremity of
- Lingering world influence
- High degrees of specialization
- Manufacturing dominance
- Numerous nation-states
- Urbanized population
- High standards of living
- Mediterranean
- Atlantic
- Mediterranean
- Europe tends to be temperate but climate ranges from the semi-tropical Mediterranean to the
- The physical landscape consists of everything from rolling farmland to mountains.
- Central Uplands
- Alpine Mountains
- Western Uplands –
- North European
- All parts of
- Moderate distances between European nations and regions
- Located with easy access to the rest of the World – both land and sea routes
- Began approximately 40 – 50 Thousand Years ago and was completed by around 30,000 years ago.
- Agriculture enters Eastern Europe/The Balkans and Mediterranean Europe beginning around 8,000 years ago. Follow the
- Agriculture Enters Central Europe around 6,000 years ago with the Linearbandkeramik Peoples. Stops just short of the
- Greeks and Romans (from
- Lots of history…
- Based on new agricultural methods and changes in land ownership (more private). Included improved farming practices, better equipment, superior storage facilities, and more efficient transport.
- Set the stage for the Industrial Revolution
- Urbanization
- Classic Geographic Model
- Postulated a central market center surrounded by concentric zones of land use.
- Land use was determined by transportation costs.
- Very basic model with many oversimplifications.
- Became the foundation for modern Location Theory
- Began in
- Changed population patterns throughout
- increased urbanization
- increased mechanization and resource exploitation.
- Produced distinct spatial patterning in
- Alfred Weber – 1909
- Examined the factors which influence industrial location
- Focused on activities which occur at specific points
- Identified concentrating (agglomerative) and dispersive (deglomerative) forces set into motion by industrialization.
- Began well before the Agrarian Revolution
- A general trend toward parliamentary representation and democracy
- Began with the Treaty of
- The French Revolution in (1789 – 1795)
- Napoleonic Wars
- Settled the boundaries of European Kingdoms and gave rise to Nationalism
- The development of the Nation-State as embodied by a culturally distinctive population
- The Fragmentation of Europe can be seen in its diversity of languages.
Spatial Interaction
- Focused around the exchange of goods and movement across space
- Based on Three Principles: (Edward Ullman)
- Complementarity – the exchange of needed goods between regions
- Transferability – ease of moving goods from producer to consumer
- Intervening
- Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
- One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
- The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
- Rivers,
- Advances in transportation technology
- The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
- European countries, especially in the West, are focused around large metropolitan centers – called primate cities.
- 75% of the European population is urbanized
- Very High Urban Population Density (Apartments)
- Central Core (Business District), Suburban Ring
- The term is a political designation.
- Refers to a municipal entity that is governed by some kind of administrative organization
- The largest cities (especially capitals) are:
- the foci of the state
- complete microcosms of their national cultures
- A country’s largest city
- Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size
- Expressive of the national culture
- Usually (but not always) the capital
- Examples:
- Central Business District (CBD)
- Suburban Ring
- High suburban density
- Apartments
- Reliance on public transportation
- Land scarcity
- Recreational spaces (greenbelts)
- Decreasing percentage of the World’s population
- Declining fertility rates and fewer young people
- Reduced working age population
- Increasing immigration (mainly from Muslim nations)
· Intensely devout
· Politically aware
· Culturally insular
· Lacking necessary job skills
· Increasingly unemployed
Europe
- concentrating (agglomerative) and dispersive (deglomerative/devolutionary) forces
- Supranationalism
- the voluntary association in economic, political, or cultural spheres of three or more independent states willing to yield some measure of sovereignty for their mutual benefit.
- 1947 –
- 1948 - Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
- Primary function of the OEEC - To accept and distribute funds allocated under the Marshall Plan
- 1944 Benelux Agreement (along with Marshal Plan sets stage for increasing European unity)
- 1957 Treaty of
- 1967 European Community (EC)
- 1991 Maastricht Meeting (plans for the future of the EU)
- 1992 European Union
- 1999 European Monetary
- 2004 Expansion of EU to 25 Members
- The European Union (EU) was formed to coordinate policy in Economics, Defence, and Home Affairs.
Centrifugal Forces and Devolution
- Resistance to loss of national and local autonomy
- Disparity in levels of Economic Development and Wealth
- Technological disparity (West – East divide)
- Cultural disparity
- The process whereby regions and peoples within a state demand and gain political strength and autonomy at the expense of the central government.
• 2000’s – Rejection of European Constitution by several member nations
· Conquest of
· Civil War in
· 1997 – Home Rule for
· Ongoing – Home Rule for
· Done mostly peacefully, even in NI, through the voting booth
· 1980 – Death of General Tito
· 1991 –
· Serbian Nationalism - Slobodan Miloshevic
· 1992 – Bosnia Herzegovina secedes
· Civil War and Ethnic Cleansing
· Intervention by NATO forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo
Cross Border growth engines…
·
· The central countries in
·
· A discrete cultural entity within
·
· Isolated in modern times by size and climate. On the periphery of
Mediterranean
·
South of the Central Core, the old empires of
· Is everyone else…
· The largest region within
- A discontinuous region on the periphery of
- Internal Core-Periphery relations can be very marked
- Limited amounts of important raw materials
- Deforested and with only seasonal water access
- Large population – agricultural base
- Main entrance for non-European migrants
- Cultural Continuity back to the Greco-Roman Empires
- Languages
- Religion
- Culture
- Cultural Landscape
- Mediterranean Climate
- Hot, Dry Summers
- Warm/Cool, Moist Winters
- Most populous of the Mediterranean Nations (57.8 million)
- Best Connected to the European Core and economically advanced
- Displays a very sharp North-South Divide
· The
o These provinces are centered around large urban areas (
o The Milan-Turin-Genoa triangle is the industrialized and economic core of
· South of the line is Mezzogiorno – the stagnant, rural south
o Much more poor than the north
o Receives the bulk of illegal immigrants
o Less mobile native population
The
· At the south-western end of
· Increasingly strong and vibrant democratic tradition.
- Population of 42.6 million centered on the primate city of
- Devolution pressure is strong within the Basque region of northern
- Population of 10.5 million focused on coastal regions and on the primate city of
- While it remains generally rural it still must import much of its food and industrial goods.
- Benefiting from EU reconstruction grants for improved transportation and urbanization.
- A cradle of Western Civilization with a population of 11 million focused on the primate city of
- Under the rule of the Ottoman Turks for around 350 years, until independence in 1827.
- It is a geographically fragmented nation and is a fragile democracy.
- While the economy is booming it will loose much of its EU aid to newer Eastern European countries. It will be a challenge to continue the industrial and economic growth following EU expansion.
- Split into Greek-Cypriot and Turkish sides following a war in 1974 the western side of the island is part of the EU and is recognized as an independent state.
- The boundary between Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot is a cultural and geographic boundary.
- Archipelago with approximately 400,000 inhabitants this micro-state survives mostly on tourism. It also has a fairly high standard of living.
- It is the ancient cross-roads of the
- The largest area of
- It is almost entirely on the periphery of
- The region is the crossroads between Asia and
- Heavily influenced and shaped by the Soviet occupation following World War II and the earlier Turkish occupation/yoke of the southern regions until the First World War.
- Collapse of the
- Centrifugal Forces
- Forces that tend to divide a country.
- religious, ethnic, linguistic, or ideological differences
- Centripetal Forces
- forces that unite and bind a country together
- national culture, shared ideological objectives, shared faith, shared ethnicity
- Balkanization
- The recurrent division and fragmentation of a region, usually involving violence. Name comes from the Balkans – the southern part of
- Ethnic Cleansing
- The forcible ouster of entire ethnic populations from their homelands.
- Irredentism
- A policy of cultural extension and political expansion aimed at a national ethnic group living in a different country.
- Shatter Belt
- A zone of chronic political splintering and fracturing.
- When the Soviet Empire collapsed in 1990 none of the Eastern European nations were able to meet the criteria for acceptance into the EU.
- The region includes both the largest (
- It can be divided into four general regions.
- Generally the most westernized nations of the region.
- All have an inward/westward focus with their primate cities inland and transportation networks focused north and west.
- The foundation of the terms Balkanization and Shatter Belt.
- Held together by the Communist Generalissimo Marshal Tito it fell apart after his death.
- Returned the specter of Ethnic Cleansing to
- Generally rural with only small urban centers the northern states (
- Only predominately Muslim nation in
- Poorest except for
- Split between two ethnic groups but maintains national unity.
- Site
- the physical attributes of the place it occupies
- Situation
- its location relative to the surrounding areas
- includes areas of productive capacity
- other cities and towns
- barriers to access and movement
- An independent country that is very small in area and population
- A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.
- A place, usually a pot city, where goods are imported, stored, and transshipped. (a break-of-bulk point)
http://www.eduplace.com/ss/maps/
http://geology.com/
http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/karto/
http://geography.about.com/
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