- The spatial arraignment of flora and fauna
- The study of species distribution and the processes which lead to that distribution
- Two sub-fields
- Phytogeography – plants
- Zoogeography – animals
- Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt (1769-1859)
- German – recognized as founder of the discipline
- Renaissance man – scientist, diplomat, explorer
- Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
- British - naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist
- Co-creator of Evolution
- Wallace’s Line
- The Austral Realm serves as a Biogeography Laboratory
- Wallace’s Line
- Fairly sharp division between species found on the Asian mainland and species found in the Austral Realm
- Marsupials and non-marsupials…
- Challenged by others – Max Weber and Weber’s Line
- A sub-field of geography concerned with the spatial arrangement of the seas, its resources, and maritime boundaries
- Key Terms
- Exclusive Economic Zone (200 miles)
- High Seas
- Median Line Boundaries
- Continental Shelf
• Provide security for a nation
• Control of trade and commerce
– Customs Regulations
• Enforce quarantines
• Enforce claims of neutrality
- 12 nautical miles
- Exclusive sovereignty
- Exclusive fishing rights
- Contiguous Zone
- 24 nautical miles
- Limited sovereignty
- Enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws
- Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
- 200 nautical miles (350 within a continental shelf)
- Exclusive rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources on the seabed and waters
- High Seas
- Beyond the EEZ
- Outside any national jurisdiction (Freedom of the High Seas)
- Right to access, use, and explore to all
- Resources are considered part of the Common Heritage of Humanity
- Median Line Boundaries
- When less than 24 ocean miles separate states
- Lines equidistant from opposite shores
- Used also for EEZ when states are closer than 200 miles
Austral Region - Major Geographic Qualities
- Peripheral development and demographics
- Highly urbanized populations
- Immigration and indigenous activism
- Export of basic products (agriculture and mining)
- Central suppliers of raw materials to the
- A continent in its own right
- Former British colony
- Formally declared in 1770
- Federated State since 1901
- Population of 20.5 million
- 92% Anglo-European
- 7% Asian
- 1% +/- Indigenous
- 67% Christian
- 91% Urbanized
- Strong and growing economy
- Core areas on the Southeast coast and around
- The Outback
- Extensive grasslands and pasture
- One of the world’s largest cattle and sheep industries
- A fragile environment, water scarcity
- Ownership issues
- Rich in mineral resources
- Concepts of Distance and Remoteness
- The Tyranny of Distance
- Post Colonial Economy
- Export of Raw Materials
- Based primarily on Primary Sector Activities
- Dependent upon world markets
- Import-Substitution Industries
- Developed to provide goods to remote areas when transportation costs are too expensive to import the goods
- Spur to local industrialization and protectionism
- Small/Limited Domestic Markets
- Limited Ties to the Asian Tigers
- Ecological Damage and Threats
- Aboriginal Issues
- Population dates to around 40,000 years ago
- Centered around resistance to mining and other exploitation of native lands
- 1993 Native Title Bill
- Perhaps as much as 78% of the continent
- Re-schooling and paternalistic attitudes
- Immigration
- Until the 1970’s
- Today only 1/3rd is Anglo
- Massive immigration from Asian nations
- Unsteady shift to multi-cultural nation
- Two
- Former British Colony
- First settled around 800 CE by Maori tribal peoples
- Population of 4.1 million
- 70% Anglo-European
- 8% Maori
- 6% Asian
- 4.5% Pacific Islander
- 52+% Christian
- 78% Urbanized
- Focused on the lowland, peripheral areas of the islands
- Pastoral Economy
- Small/limited internal markets
- Rich in natural resources
- Concepts of distance and remoteness
- General excellent quality of life
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